GEO

Subject 02

Geography

Physical geography, human geography and the Geography of India (Paper I & II) — the complete UPSC optional & GS syllabus, exam-ready.

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Syllabus

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Paper I · Physical Geography

1. Geomorphology

01 Fundamentals of Geomorphology Free 02 Factors Controlling Landform Development Free 03 Endogenetic Forces — Diastrophism, Folding & Faulting Free 04 Exogenetic Forces — Weathering & Mass Movement Free 05 Origin & Evolution of the Earth and Crust Free 06 Fundamentals of Geomagnetism Free 07 Interior of the Earth Free 08 Geosynclines Free 09 Continental Drift Free 10 Isostasy Free 11 Plate Tectonics Free 12 Mountain Building / Orogenesis Free 13 Volcanicity Free 14 Earthquakes Free 15 Tsunamis Free 16 Geomorphic Agents & Landforms Free 17 Geomorphic Cycles & Landscape Development Free 18 Denudation Chronology Free 19 Channel Morphology Free 20 Erosion Surfaces Free 21 Slope Development Free 22 Applied Geomorphology Free 23 Geomorphology, Economic Geology & Environment Free

2. Climatology

24 Atmosphere — Composition & Structure Free 25 Insolation Free 26 Temperature Free 27 Heat Budget Free 28 Pressure & Pressure Belts Free 29 Atmospheric Circulation Free 30 Atmospheric Stability & Instability Free 31 Winds Free 32 Monsoons Free 33 Jet Streams Free 34 Air Masses Free 35 Fronts Free 36 Temperate Cyclones Free 37 Tropical Cyclones Free 38 Severe Local Storms Free 39 Precipitation Free 40 Weather & Climate Free 41 Classification of World Climates Free 42 Hydrological Cycle Free 43 Climate Change Free 44 Applied Climatology Free 45 Urban Climate Free

3. Oceanography

46 Origin & Configuration of Ocean Basins Free 47 Ocean Floor Relief Free 48 Atlantic Ocean Bottom Relief Free 49 Pacific Ocean Bottom Relief Free 50 Indian Ocean Bottom Relief Free 51 Ocean Temperature Free 52 Ocean Salinity Free 53 Ocean Density Free 54 Water Masses Free 55 Ocean Heat Budget Free 56 Ocean Salt Budget Free 57 Ocean Deposits Free 58 Waves Free 59 Ocean Currents Free 60 Tides Free 61 Marine Resources Free 62 Coral Reefs Free 63 Sea-Level Change Free 64 Law of the Sea — UNCLOS Free 65 Marine Pollution Free

4. Biogeography

66 Soil Genesis Free 67 Soil Profile Free 68 Soil Classification Free 69 Soil Erosion & Conservation Free 70 Distribution of Plants & Animals Free 71 Deforestation Free 72 Social Forestry Free 73 Agroforestry Free 74 Wildlife Free 75 Gene Pool Centres Free

5. Environmental Geography

76 Principles of Ecology Free 77 Human Ecological Adaptations Free 78 Human Influence on Ecology Free 79 Ecological Changes & Imbalances Free 80 Ecosystem Management Free 81 Environmental Degradation & Pollution Free 82 Biodiversity Free 83 Sustainable Development Free 84 Environmental Policy Free 85 Environmental Hazards Free 86 Environmental Education Free 87 Environmental Legislation — India Free

Paper I · Human Geography

6. Perspectives in Human Geography

88 Nature & Scope of Human Geography Free 89 Areal Differentiation Free 90 Regional Synthesis Free 91 Dichotomy & Dualism Free 92 Environmentalism — Determinism & Possibilism Free 93 Quantitative Revolution Free 94 Behavioural Geography Free 95 Radical Geography Free 96 Humanistic Geography Free 97 Welfare Geography Free 98 Languages Free 99 Religion Free 100 Secularisation Free 101 Cultural Regions Free 102 Human Development Free

7. Economic Geography

103 World Economic Development Free 104 Resources Free 105 Energy Crisis Free 106 Limits to Growth Free 107 World Agriculture Free 108 Agricultural Inputs & Productivity Free 109 Food & Nutrition Free 110 Food Security Free 111 Famine Free 112 World Industries Free 113 World Trade Free

8. Population & Settlement Geography

114 Population Growth Free 115 Population Distribution Free 116 Demographic Attributes Free 117 Migration Free 118 Population Concepts Free 119 Population Theories Free 120 Population Problems & Policies Free 121 Social Well-being & Quality of Life Free 122 Population as Social Capital Free 123 Origin & Evolution of Settlements Free 124 Rural Settlements Free 125 Environmental Issues in Rural Settlements Free 126 Urbanisation Free 127 Urban Hierarchy Free 128 Urban Morphology Free 129 Primate City Free 130 Rank-Size Rule Free 131 Functional Classification of Towns Free 132 Sphere of Urban Influence Free 133 Rural-Urban Fringe Free 134 Satellite Towns Free 135 Urban Problems Free 136 Sustainable Cities Free

9. Regional Planning

137 Region — Concept Free 138 Types of Regions Free 139 Regionalisation Free 140 Growth Pole & Growth Centre Free 141 Regional Imbalances Free 142 Regional Development Strategies Free 143 Environmental Issues in Regional Planning Free 144 Sustainable Regional Planning Free

10. Models, Theories & Laws

145 Systems Analysis Free 146 Malthusian Model Free 147 Marxian Population Model Free 148 Demographic Transition Model Free 149 Christaller's Central Place Theory Free 150 Lösch's Theory Free 151 Perroux's Growth Pole Free 152 Boudeville's Growth Centre Free 153 Von Thünen's Agricultural Location Model Free 154 Weber's Industrial Location Model Free 155 Rostow's Stages of Growth Free 156 Heartland Theory — Mackinder Free 157 Rimland Theory — Spykman Free 158 International Boundaries & Frontiers Free

Paper II · Geography of India

1. Physical Setting

159 Location Free 160 Neighbours Free 161 Geological Structure Free 162 Relief Free 163 Physiographic Divisions Free 164 Drainage Free 165 Indian Monsoon Free 166 Tropical Cyclones (India) Free 167 Western Disturbances Free 168 Floods Free 169 Drought Free 170 Climatic Regions of India Free 171 Natural Vegetation Free 172 Indian Soils Free

2. Resources

173 Land Resources Free 174 Surface Water Free 175 Groundwater Free 176 Energy Resources Free 177 Mineral Resources Free 178 Biotic Resources Free 179 Marine Resources (India) Free 180 Forest Resources Free 181 Wildlife (India) Free 182 Energy Crisis (India) Free

3. Agriculture

183 Physical Factors in Agriculture Free 184 Agricultural Infrastructure & Irrigation Free 185 Institutional Factors & Land Reforms Free 186 Cropping Pattern & Major Crops Free 187 Agricultural Productivity Free 188 Agricultural Intensity Free 189 Crop Combination Free 190 Land Capability Free 191 Agroforestry (India) Free 192 Social Forestry (India) Free 193 Green Revolution Free 194 Dry Farming Free 195 Livestock & White Revolution Free 196 Aquaculture & Blue Revolution Free 197 Sericulture Free 198 Apiculture Free 199 Poultry Free 200 Agricultural Regionalisation Free 201 Agro-Climatic Zones Free 202 Agro-Ecological Regions Free 203 Contemporary Agricultural Geography Free

4. Industry

204 Evolution of Industries Free 205 Industrial Location Factors & Major Industries Free 206 Industrial Houses & Complexes Free 207 Industrial Regionalisation & Corridors Free 208 New Industrial Policy Free 209 Multinationals & FDI Free 210 Special Economic Zones Free 211 Tourism Free

5. Transport, Communication & Trade

212 Transport Geography Free 213 Ports Free 214 Trade Balance Free 215 Trade Policy Free 216 EPZ / EOU Free 217 Communication & IT Free 218 Indian Space Programme Free

6. Cultural Setting

219 Historical Perspective Free 220 Racial / Ethnic Diversity Free 221 Linguistic Diversity Free 222 Ethnic Diversity Free 223 Religious Minorities Free 224 Tribes Free 225 Cultural Regions (India) Free 226 Population (India) Free 227 Demographic Attributes (India) Free 228 Migration (India) Free 229 Population Problems & Policy (India) Free 230 Health Geography Free

7. Settlements — India

231 Rural Settlement Types Free 232 Rural Settlement Patterns Free 233 Rural Morphology Free 234 Urban Development in India Free 235 Morphology of Indian Cities Free 236 Functional Classification of Towns (India) Free 237 Conurbations Free 238 Metropolitan Regions Free 239 Urban Sprawl Free 240 Slums Free 241 Town Planning Free 242 Urban Problems & Remedies (India) Free

8. Regional Development & Planning

243 Regional Planning in India Free 244 Five-Year Plans & Regional Development Free 245 Rural Development Free 246 Decentralised Planning Free 247 Command Area Development Free 248 Watershed Management Free 249 Special Area Planning Free 250 Multi-Level Planning Free 251 Island Development Free

9. Political Aspects

252 Indian Federalism & Geography Free 253 State Reorganisation Free 254 New States Free 255 Regional Consciousness Free 256 International Boundaries (India) Free 257 Cross-Border Terrorism Free 258 India's Role in World Affairs Free 259 South Asian Geopolitics Free 260 Indian Ocean Geopolitics Free

10. Contemporary Issues

261 Ecological Issues Free 262 Environmental Hazards (India) Free 263 Pollution Free 264 Land-Use Change Free 265 EIA & Environmental Management Free 266 Population Explosion & Food Security Free 267 Environmental Degradation Free 268 Deforestation (India) Free 269 Desertification Free 270 Soil Erosion (India) Free 271 Agrarian Unrest Free 272 Industrial Unrest Free 273 Regional Disparities Free 274 Sustainable Growth & Development Free 275 Environmental Awareness Free 276 River Linking Free 277 Globalisation & Indian Economy Free

11. India Map Preparation (Compulsory)

278 Physical Features (Map) Free 279 Rivers & Water Bodies (Map) Free 280 Coast & Islands (Map) Free 281 Climate (Map) Free 282 Soils & Vegetation (Map) Free 283 Agriculture (Map) Free 284 Minerals (Map) Free 285 Industry (Map) Free 286 Transport (Map) Free 287 Population & Culture (Map) Free 288 Regional Planning (Map) Free 289 Political Geography (Map) Free 290 Current Geography (Map) Free

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