15 marks
250 words
Distinguish / Discuss
Distinguish between cooperative and competitive federalism. How have recent initiatives strengthened Centre–State relations in India?
Decoding the directive: “Distinguish / Discuss”
First draw a clear distinction, then apply it to recent institutional initiatives — a two-part question needing both halves.
What UPSC is really asking
Define both models, then evaluate NITI Aayog, GST Council, finance devolution and centrally sponsored schemes — showing where cooperation and competition each operate, and the frictions (GST compensation, central agencies).
Dimensions the examiner expects
Cover these dimensions
- Definitions — cooperative vs. competitive federalism
- Cooperative instruments — Inter-State Council, GST Council, NITI Aayog
- Competitive instruments — state rankings, Ease of Doing Business
- Frictions — fiscal transfers, GST compensation, governor’s role
- Assessment of recent trends
Concepts & keywords to name
Use the right vocabulary
- GST Council (Article 279A) — pooled fiscal sovereignty
- NITI Aayog — replaced Planning Commission, promotes both models
- Finance Commission (Article 280) — vertical/horizontal devolution
- Inter-State Council (Article 263) — cooperative forum
Common mistakes to avoid
Don’t do this
- Answering only one of the two parts
- Confusing the two models
- No named institutions or Articles
Quick hints before you write
Structuring tips
- Use a one-line contrast up front, then examples.
- Balance the two federalism types across the body.
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